Interpersonal Deception: Iii. Effects of Deceit on Perceived Communication and Nonverbal Behavior Dynamics

Much past research on deception has examined it individually and noninteractively. Here we argue for broadening our understanding of deception by examining it as a dyadic and interactive event. Assumptions of an interpersonal perspective, articulated in Interpersonal Deception Theory, are advanced. These include recognizing the agency of both parties to interpersonal exchanges, examining such exchanges at multiple levels, incorporating measures of communicationrelated perceptions and interpretations as well as behaviors, recognizing that behaviors may be strategic as well as nonstrategic, and viewing such behavior as dynamic rather than static. An experiment reflecting this orientation is presented in which pairs of participants, half friends and half strangers, conducted interviews during which interviewees (EEs) either lied or told the truth to interviewers (ERs) who were induced to be highly, moderately, or not suspicious. Dependent measures included participant (EE and ER) perceptions, interpretations, and evaluations of EE behaviors and trained coders' ratings of actual nonverbal behaviors. Consistent with the theory, deceivers were more uncertain and vague, more nonimmediate and reticent, showed more negative affect, displayed more arousal and noncomposure, and generally made a poorer impression than truthtellers. Their behaviors also connoted greater formality and submissiveness. Also consistent with the theory's premise that deceptive interactions are dynamic, deceivers' kinesic relaxation and pleasantness changed over time, in line with a behavior and image management interpretation, and degree of reciprocity between EE and ER nonverbal behaviors was affected by the presence of deception and suspicion. Deception is a deliberate act perpetrated by a sender to engender in a receiver beliefs contrary to what the sender believes is true to put the reJudee Burgoon is Professor and David Buller is Associate Professor of Communication at the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, Portions of this paper were presented to the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, San Francisco, May 1989, This project was funded by the U.S, Army Research Institute (Contract #MDA903-90K-0113), The views, opinions, and/or findings in this report are those of the authors and should not be construed as an official Department of the Army position, policy, or decision. Address correspondence to Judee K, Burgoon, Department of Communication, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, lournal of Nonverbal Behavior 18(2), Summer OW © 1994 Human Sciences Press, Inc. 155